For example, despite strategies to engineer CAR-T cells to be resistant to HIV infection (CAR-T cells are often CD4-T cells of origin) by using C46 or non-CD4-based single chain variable fragments (scFv) [41,67,125], it is not known if CAR-T cells or other gene modified cells (e.g., the multiple gene-modified stem cell transplant strategy as above) become infected in vivo, especially during potentially high levels of HIV-1 plasma viremia and replication in studies involving ATIs. Here, CD4 is linked to HIV infectious disease.