In line with immune suppression in HCV CE1E2p7 chimera-infected marmosets, the more severe pathological changes in hepatitis were observed by comparison with GBV-B infection in this study or HCV E1E2p7 chimera infection in our previous study [13], which also explored that the HCV core protein induced an increase in IL-32 expression via the PI3K pathway in hepatic cells leading to HCV-related severe hepatitis [30]. The gene discussed is IL32; the disease is infection.