Several candidates have been evaluated as phage-based cancer vaccines in pre-clinical research studies, including epitopes from the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2, melanoma antigen gene (MAGE), mucin 1 (MUC1), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), Fms-like tyrosine kinase 4 (Flt4), and mimotopes of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TAA). This evidence concerns the gene ERBB2 and cancer.