SERPINE1 and empyema: Table 1 demonstrates that (i) bolus injection MED for sctPA or scuPA alone in chronic, advanced-stage empyema in rabbits was higher than 4.0 mg/kg (average 13.2 mg which is comparable to doses using in clinical practice); (ii) DSP-mediated PAI-1-TFT increased the efficacy of sctPA and may convert ineffective doses of sctPA (2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) to a MED (100% successful outcome in group of n = 5–6).