In particular, mitochondrial oxidative stress associated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production has been linked to the development of chronic inflammation, cancer progression [79], diabetes mellitus [80,81,82], and atherosclerosis [83,84], due to the activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and NF-κB [85,86,87], the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the activation of inflammasomes, which favors tissue injury by necrotic and apoptotic processes [88,89,90]. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is diabetes mellitus.