In a study performed by Grippin et al. on cancer vaccines, based on the delivery of tumor antigens by IONPs, it was demonstrated that IO-RNA-NPs enhanced ex vivo DC activation, stimulating the expression of costimulatory markers (CD80, CD86, CD40), as well as the secretion of IFN-α when compared to electroporation. The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is neoplasm.