LPA and peripheral arterial disease: Evidence from experimental, observational, and genetic studies has demonstrated that increased Lp(a) is associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS), mitral valve stenosis, and possibly retinopathy in diabetic patients [1,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18] (Figure 1).