IL6 and infection: In murine systems, it has been shown that, upon infection with a WT JEV strain, MΦs induce the expression of costimulatory surface molecules (e.g., CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC) and proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and IL-12) as part of the normal innate immune response [321,322], whereas DCs fail to upregulate some of those costimulatory surface molecules (e.g., CD40 and MHC), and intricately produce not only those proinflammatory cytokines but also some anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10) [284,287].