INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In the study by Breen et al., in which different types of bread were tested in individuals with obesity, pumpernickel rye bread that contained 19.2 g of dietary fiber resulted in lower insulin iAUC0–270 and peak insulin compared to the other test breads, in which the fiber content ranged from 3.4 to 7.5 g [35].