HMOX1 and endothelial dysfunction: In wild-type and Nrf-2 knockout mice (i.e., model mice for studying endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and microvascular attenuation), aucubin ameliorated oxidative stress by decreasing MDA and O2•− activities and increased Nrf2-targeted signals, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1) [65].