TNF and colitis: Furthermore, in vivo studies revealed that 50 mg/kg ATL I improved the inflammatory response of dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis mice via the SPHK1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, reduced the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and regulated fructose/galactose-related metabolism by targeting the SPHK1 and B4GAT2 genes, thereby regulating the diversity and abundance of intestinal flora, which is one of the medications that could be used to treat colitis [27].