CCL2 and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: Urinary levels of the biomarkers associated with renal ischemia, such as HIF-1α, pro-angiogenic gene VEGF, and chemotactic factor for monocyte MCP-1, were elevated in patients with ADPKD; they are correlated with htTKV and may, therefore, be used as biomarkers of kidney injury in ADPKD patients with a mild reduction in GFR [35].