CCL4 and carpal tunnel syndrome: There was a significant increase in serum TGF-β1 and MIP-1β in CTS patients compared with healthy controls (mean ± SD, 142.2 ± 20.6, 102.4 ± 26.8, p < 0.001—137.7 ± 18.6, 82.3 ± 20.0, p < 0.001; respectively) (Figure 1a).