Other principal pathways of cancer-associated thrombosis include the tumour-cell expression of fibrinolysis proteins—urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activation inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)—and cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and neoplasm.