NFKB1 and bacterial infectious disease: Moreover, co-operation between interleukin signaling and the recognition of bacterial components by TLR receptors is essential for the control of many bacterial infections, while it is generally known that TLR signaling pathways culminate in the transcriptional activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), which regulates the expression of a number of pro-inflammatory genes, including cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules [35,36,37].