VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Dai et al. [47], who analyzed the differential effects of PM2.5 species and sources on blood markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in a large longitudinal cohort, found that among the species examined (K, S, Se, Al, Si, Fe, Ni, V, Cu, Zn, and Na) vanadium was associated with increased levels of both intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1).