CCL2 and Alzheimer disease: The results of the present study are inconsistent with the results of other studies, where donepezil demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in vitro by reducing the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α mRNA and NF-κB signaling in LPS-stimulated microglial cells [95] and reduced MCP-1 (CCL2) and IL-4 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from AD patients [96], whereas, consistently with our study, no effect of galantamine (BBB-permeable AchEI such as donepezil) was observed on the bone IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α mRNA expression in female mice [70].