GLI2 and neoplasm: Figure 1D provides representative microscopic images of invasive bone destruction observed in a patient with oral malignant melanoma in the maxillary region. SHH, Gli1, and Gli2 are highly expressed in tumor cells that have invaded the bone matrix and the tumor vasculature (Figure 1D, triangular arrowheads). Notably, strong expressions of SHH, Gli1, and Gli2 are observed in osteoclasts appearing at the site of jaw bone resorption (Figure 1D, arrowheads).