NOD1 and NLRP3 seem to contribute to the development of obesity, IR and low-grade inflammation, primarily via the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while NOD2 and NLRP12 are thought to oppose metabolic disturbances, NOD2 via the induction of the transcription factor IRF4, and NLRP12 via alteration of the microbiota. This evidence concerns the gene IRF4 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.