TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In support of this, previous studies investigating n-3 FA supplementation have shown an increase in anti-inflammatory eicosanoid and resolvins in individuals with obesity [17,18], and a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in aging adults [19].