AHR and asthma: Considering that PFAS act as surfactants and immune modulators [42], we proposed the hypothesis (model) that PFAS exposure would alter lung-cell membrane permeability resulting in NOD-like receptor (NLR) and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein 3 (ASC/PYCARD) (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulation leading to inflammation, asthma or AHR.