INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease caused mainly by either the lack of production of insulin (in approximately 8% of diabetics due to autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas: type 1 diabetes) or the ineffective utilization of insulin produced by the pancreas (in approximately 90% of diabetics due to insulin resistance: type 2 diabetes) [1].