TNF and infection: Defective cornification may also promote recurrent infections and inflammation in NS patients, mainly through the KLK5- protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) signaling pathway, and leads to the increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-8, and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), thus exacerbating the inflammatory loop [7].