NFE2L2 and anemia (phenotype): Although Nrf2 has been identified as a crucial factor in mitigating the anemia caused by high ROS in erythroid cells [5,6], our finding that targeted deletion of the miR-144/451 gene locus makes PHZ-induced acute anemia more severe than the inactivation of Nrf2 activity in mice strongly suggests that miRNAs could also be major driving forces for disease development.