Through single-cell sequencing of TILs isolated from HCC patients, a variety of transcription factors (e.g., EOMES, T-bet, BLIMP-1, v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog (MAF), TOX, and T cell factor 7 (TCF7)) were shown to regulate CD8+ T cell dysfunction in a complex, interdependent manner [54]. This evidence concerns the gene TOX and hepatocellular carcinoma.