TNF and endothelial dysfunction: The common genes involved in endothelial dysfunction include vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), endothelin-1 (ET-1), endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) [4,5,6].