TNF and COVID-19: Another study [43] reported higher levels of 14 of 37 cytokines/chemokines (IL-1RA, IL-2RA, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, MCP-1, IP-10, MIP-1α, MCP-2, MIP-1β, eotaxin, regardless of age or sex, duration of symptoms, length of hospital stay, nasopharyngeal viral RNA levels) and high IgG titers in children with MIS-C compared to those with acute COVID-19.