In contrast, Kawamura M. et al. (2012) [114] found no discriminatory levels of interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, BNP, renin, and aldosterone for the 24-month recurrence rate of AF, whereas baseline serum levels of PIIINP > 0.72 U/mL predicted AF relapse. This evidence concerns the gene REN and atrial fibrillation.