TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: The inhibition of TLR4-mediated NF-κB nuclear shuttling has been implicated in the downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and suppression of the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, in IBD patients [12].