BRAF and central nervous system cancer: Another family of pediatric gliomas also characterized by BRAF mutations and MAPK enhancement is the circumscribed astrocytic gliomas, which include pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), frequently associated with KIAA1549:BRAF gene fusion [64], and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PAX), commonly carrying BRAF mutations and homozygous CDKN2A deletion [65].