In contrast, many upregulated genes identified in ARDS are involved in immunoglobulin production (e.g., IGHV1-69-2, IGHV2-70D, TMIGD3, IGLV5-45), monocytes/macrophages (e.g., MAOA, MACIR), neutrophil activation (e.g., CD177, LCN2), and NF-Kappa B activation (e.g., upregulation of PCSK9 and downregulation of TIFAB). Here, TIFAB is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.