Various upregulated genes identified in ARDS control lipid metabolic functions (e.g., OLAH, PCSK9, ACBD7, LPL, FABP2), polyubiquitination (e.g., SCN5A, UBQLN4P1, GRB10), and metalloproteinases (e.g., ADAMTS3, TIMP4, MMP1, MMP8). Here, TIMP4 is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome.