HAMP and bacterial urinary tract infection: Hemoglobin in both E. coli and non-E. coli UTI groups significantly decreased after 3 days of antibiotic treatment (p < 0.001 and p = 0.040, respectively), and patients with E. coli UTI had a significant decrease in urinary hepcidin–creatinine ratio (p = 0.030) whereas the non-E. coli group showed insignificant change.