Therefore, it is not surprising that dysfunctional Trx-1 or altered expression of thioredoxin are involved in the development of a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases [10,66,67,68,69,70,71,72], lung diseases, autoimmune diseases, cancer, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases, psychiatric disorders, and aging (see Figure 4). Here, TXN is linked to autoimmune disease.