TXN and Osteopenia: In summary, these results suggest that OS plays an important role in the development of diabetic nephropathy and that progression may be enhanced by modulation of Trx-1 expression [164].In studies using the same mice to investigate the effects of diabetes mellitus on the development of osteopenia and bone fractures, diabetic mice overexpressing Trx-1 were found to have similar body weight and kidney function to wild-type diabetic control mice.