This rodent study was guided by the findings in our published open-label trial in older humans where we reported age-associated cognitive decline (detected only on cognitive testing, where participants did not have any prior diagnosis of cognitive impairment) and decreased circulating BDNF in association with GSH deficiency, elevated OxS, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased systemic insulin resistance, inflammation, and decreased brain glucose availability [13]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Cognitive impairment.