DKK1 and colorectal carcinoma: For instance, BMSCs increased CRC KM12SM cells proliferation and migration and induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) from up-regulation fibronectin by direct contact [46], umbilical cord-derived hUCMSCs reduced cell growth, and increased apoptosis in breast cancer by suppressing the activation of PI3K and AKT protein kinases [48], while perichondrium derived MSCs inhibit breast cancer cell growth through the DKK-1/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway [49].