INS and Insulin resistance: Concerning the negative association between insulin resistance and executive function, our results corroborate a growing body of literature, suggesting that those with higher levels of insulin resistance have greater executive dysfunction.25 When considered against the lack of such effects on tasks probing episodic memory, the current results suggests that the link is primarily through insulin sensitivity associating with a preservation of cognitive reserve broadly, possibly through cerebrovascular factors, rather than a relationship with a specific neurodegeneration aetiology (eg, AD).