Finally, the particular effect of itaconate, that is, the “conditioning” effect of itaconate pre-stimulus before IFNG activation and infection, was observed in the comparison of M1-Ita and M1: once the activation due to IFNG is eliminated from the equation, the downregulation of Il12b and upregulation of both Icosl and Mki67 arise as the only observed effects of itaconate on activated macrophages. The gene discussed is ICOSLG; the disease is infection.