During pulmonary pathogenesis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), human NRP-1+ ILC3 located in proximity to blood vessels and lung ectopic lymphoid tissues, where they induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression on mesenchymal stromal cells, and efficiently responded to VEGF-A (125). The gene discussed is VCAM1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.