NR4A1 and epilepsy: It was previously shown that multiple IEGs, including Egr1, Egr4, c-Fos, c-Jun, Naps4, Nur77, and Arc were upregulated in in vivo animal (from rodents to primates) and in in vitro models of epilepsy, as was confirmed in our study (Kiessling and Gass, 1993; Barros et al., 2015; Kalinina et al., 2022; Rienecker et al., 2022).