In cerebral ischemia and spinal cord injury models, CX3CR1 deficiency exhibited neuroprotection by improving neural recovery and reducing neuroinflammation (Dénes et al., 2008; Cipriani et al., 2011; Donnelly et al., 2011; Fumagalli et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene CX3CR1 and brain ischemia.