Using gain- and loss-off-function transgenic mouse models, GSK-3β signaling was shown to exert distinct effects on cardiac injury caused by either 2 hours of non-reperfused ischemia or I/R, indicating that isoform-specific inhibition of GSK-3β exacerbates ischemic injury but protects against I/R injury by modulating mTOR and autophagy. This evidence concerns the gene GSK3B and ischemia.