TGFB1 and neoplasm: CAF abundance is strongly associated with poor prognosis and the promotion of the T-cell-excluded phenotype, which responds poorly to ICIs.73, 74, 75 Specifically, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies in primary patient tumours identified subpopulations of CAFs with a strong ECM and TGF-β signalling signature as critical to conferring resistance to immunotherapy.76