MI: myocardial infraction; CHD: congenital heart defects; HP: haptoglobin; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events; NRT: nicotine replacement therapy; NCAD: non-compressible arterial disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; PPCI: primary percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; DES: drug-eluting stent. Here, HP is linked to cardiovascular disorder.