HIF1A and colorectal carcinoma: Other butyrate-associated epigenetic effects in CRC include suppression of host miRNA expression such as miR-17-92 cluster members by interfering with c-Myc; inhibition of HIF-1α and VEGF by promoting miR-199a; inhibition of CRC proliferation and invasion by promoting miR-203; and promotion of apoptosis by inhibition of NEDD9, whose overexpression activates the Wnt/ß-catenin signalling pathway [34,40,157].