In patients with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, several cytokines were increased in high concentrations, including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-2, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [53]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and coccidioidomycosis.