CCL2 and atherosclerosis: The interaction of AGEs with RAGE also activates NF-κB and oxidative stress, leading to the expression of atherosclerosis-related genes, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), resulting in vascular calcification [78].