GCG and Hyperglycemia: In D. melanogaster, IPCs are similar to vertebrate pancreatic β-cells secreting insulin in response to hyperglycemia, and the role of pancreatic α-cells secreting glucagon in response to hypoglycemia is performed by the cells of the corpus cardiacum (CC) gland, which produce a glucagon-like neuropeptide, the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) [3,29,30,31].