ATF4 and atherosclerosis: An illustrative example of potential functional and mechanistic connections across these omics endpoints on the smCpG cg03707168 is shown in Fig. 6A. It maps in exon 2 of protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A gene (PPP1R15A, also referred to as GADD34, Fig. 6A), which is an activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-target gene known to play a role in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death, and we previously reported it as a CD14+ monocyte-specific smCpG-annotated gene in atherosclerosis patients [28].