PDCD1 and neoplasm: In conclusion, we performed a comprehensive assessment of tumor immune status before and after NAC and NAPC treatment using scRNA-seq, mIHC and GSE database validation, and analyzed altered immune cell infiltration levels, phenotypes, and interactions in patients with resectable NSCLC after adding PD-1 blockade to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and demonstrated that anti-PD1 therapy could reshape the tumor immune microenvironment based on chemotherapy-induced alterations.