To in-depth explore the transcriptome characteristics between NAC and NAPC, We applied gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to detect signatures of each lymphocyte subpopulations (Supplementary Table 2) and demonstrated that B-cell, memory CD4, naïve CD8, memory CD8 and effector CD8 signatures were much abundant in NAPC tumor lesions, whereas Treg and exhausted CD8 signatures were more enriched in the NAC group (Fig. 1f), indicating a potentially important role for these immune cell types in mediating anti-tumor immune responses after neoadjuvant therapy. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and neoplasm.