TNF and endometriosis: Fan et al. (2018) studied GA’s effect on LPS-induced inflammation in hypertrophic scar fibroblasts and reported reduced TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 levels. This indicated an inflammatory response via TLR-4/NF-κB/PPARγ pathway (Fan et al., 2018). Endometriosis is a gynecologic disease in women that can cause infertility and chronic pelvic pain with a relatively high recurrence rate. GA (102.4 μg/ml) and its derivatives showed ameliorating effects on endometriosis primary cultures by regulating NF-κB mRNA expression and IL-6 secretions (Bustami et al., 2018).